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约翰福音21:1-14与创世记第三章之叙事(下)

作者 : 郄佳斌
2021-06-22
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接下来笔者再分析“διαζωννύμι”一词,如上文所言,此词在新约中仅出现一次。不仅如此,此词从来没有在《七十士译本》中出现过。约瑟夫在整部《犹太古史》中仅用过两次,分别是7.283:“束上剑,戴上盾牌。”(διεζωσμένος μάχαιραν καὶ θώρακα ἐνδεδυμένος),以及14.165:“难道你没看到安提帕和他的众子包围了这疆域吗?”(ἦ οὐχ ὁρᾷς Ἀντίπατρον μὲν καὶ τοὺς παῖδας αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀρχὴν διεζωσμένους)。

《使徒宪法》(Apostolic Constitutions)8.12如此说:“那你藉着耶稣所造的,以众河流围绕世界的那位。”(ὁ ποταμοῖς διαζώσας τὸν ὑπὸ σοῦ διὰ Χριστοῦ γενόμενον κόσμον)在这些语句中,“διαζωννύμι”的含义相对比较明朗,那便是“围绕”之意,用在与穿衣相关的语境中,很自然地理解便是“披上”,“束上”,并无“掩进去”之意。

同一时代的世俗作家常用此词,例如阿庇安(Appian)在其《内战史》(Civil Wars)中使用过两次,均与“外袍”33(ἱμάτιον)连用(1.15,30)。读者可以想见,外袍自然是“披上”,“穿上”更为合乎情理,“掩进去”便需多一层解释。类似地,路西安(Lucian)在其作品《当如何书写历史》(Quomodo Historia Conscribenda Sit)中写道:“那快速穿上衣服的人”(διαζωσάμενος τὸ τριβώνιον σπουδῇ)。

另一些例子与上文中所列举的“围绕”之意类同,例如普鲁塔克(Plutarch)在《提米斯托克利篇》(Themistocles)12.5写道:“围绕这些岛屿”(διαζῶσαι τὰς νήσους);色诺芬(Xenophon)的《回忆录》(Memorabilia)里有“峻峭的群山围绕着中心”(μέση διέζωται ὄρεσιν ἐρυμνοῖς)之说。

最有用的文本当属路西安(Lucian)《亚历山大》(Alexander)12中所言:“ἕωθεν δὲ γυμνὸς εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν προπηδήσας, διάζωμα περὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον ἔχων.”34此句之所以特别,是因为这句话同时包含“γυμνὸς”与“διαζωννύμι”的名词形式“διάζωμα”。此句当翻译为:“清早,他赤身露体跳入市场,在生殖器上围了腰带。”这句话意思很明确,此人除去腰上的束带之外,身体上并没有穿任何衣衫。

从前文的论述中,笔者认为没有理由将“διαζωννύμι”理解为“掩进去。”约翰之所以会选择“διαζωννύμι”的原因很可能是因为这个词在一世纪左右更为常用,与之同义的另外一词“περιζώννῡμι”常见于古典时期的作品之中,例如亚里士多德与阿里斯托芬的作品,比如《雅典政制》(Athenian Constitution)28.3,《政治篇》1342b,《鸟》1149等等。而“περιζώννῡμι”正是《七十士译本》的常用词。

因此,约翰在21章的描写并不能单纯从字面理解,而是在象征意义上理解。第7节的意象正是指向创世记3:7:“他们二人的眼睛就明亮了,才知道自己是赤身露体(γυμνοὶ),便拿无花果树的叶子为自己编做裙子(περιζώματα)。”读者基于朴素的理解,便明白亚当夏娃为何会有如此举动,那便是由于自己做了可羞耻的事,便意识到自己需要拿东西遮体,“裙子”一词的翻译虽然不完全准确,却也将此词的韵味译了出来,那便是用无花果树的叶子“围住”了下体。

回到约翰福音的文本,我们隐约可以见到“赤身露体”与拿衣服遮体的动作之间的联系。正是回溯到了创世记文本的缘故,使我们隐约可见彼得见到复活的耶稣之时的羞耻感。有学者认为,彼得掩衣跳水的动作是由于他见耶稣的迫切心情,不等船靠岸便急于游到岸边去见耶稣。35 这种说法并不成立,因为这种羞耻感在后文中很清楚地表达了出来。

第9节提到:“他们上了岸,就看见那里有炭火(ἀνθρακιὰ),上面有鱼,又有饼。”这里的“炭火”(ἀνθρακιὰ)一词并不是随意所写,在这部福音书中也是第二次出现。第一次是在哪里呢?约翰福音18:18:“仆人和差役因为天冷,就生了炭火(ἀνθρακιὰ),站在那里烤火;彼得也同他们站着烤火。”这里的场景正是耶稣被出卖之后被带到了大祭司的院内,而彼得却在炭火旁烤火,随后被人认为指认的时候矢口否认耶稣。

纵然约翰没有描绘彼得的心理活动,但可想而知,彼得的内心决然不可能不羞愧。21章9节再次提起“炭火”的场景,似有所指。联系上文,便可知彼得穿起衣服跳入海中决计不是内心渴望见到耶稣,而是心生愧疚,无颜面对耶稣。正如哈沉(Haenchen)所言:“9节所提到的‘炭火’(ἀνθρακιὰ)一词乃是表明,作者有意要提醒读者早先的场景,这也成了15-17节的背景。”36约翰所用之词,显然指向创世记中亚当夏娃背叛上帝之后的反应。而“赤身”与“羞耻”之间的连结也在验证这一层意思。

学者们一般认为约翰福音21:1-14的场景应该对应了路加福音第五章的描写37,在路加的描绘中,彼得看到耶稣之后跪在耶稣脚前叫道:“主啊,离开我,我是个罪人!”(路5:8)在此处的描绘中,彼得的羞愧应与约翰福音21:7相差无几。有学者也提到21章15-17中,“ἀγαπάω”与“φιλέω”的互相转换也反应了彼得在耶稣面前的尴尬情景。38

比较两个文本之间的叙事,创世记里亚当夏娃的过犯为他们带来羞耻,因此他们需要“裙子”(περιζώματα)遮盖自己。纵然在先前的叙事中上帝创造亚当,并将灵放在他的身上,使他成为有灵的活人。而且上帝又从亚当的肋旁造出夏娃,使他们成为夫妻,没有羞辱地生活在伊甸园中。但他们的悖逆行为最终带来了羞辱,故事的情节斗转直下,使读者看到完满的结局后面有不太完美的转折。

约翰福音的叙事里,读者看到了耶稣钉十字架,并且在花园中被埋葬。当耶稣复活之后,又向门徒吹气,随后又向多马显现,让他摸自己的肋旁。对应到创世记的叙事中,我们可以见到伊甸园(花园),可以见到上帝创造亚当(向他吹气),又可见到上帝创造夏娃(肋旁)。但是,背叛的彼得又当如何?这背叛的行为该如何解决?如果我们说创世记2章与3章的情节自成一体,不可分割,那么我们不禁会问,约翰福音里对彼得的堕落与背叛又当如何解决?这件事情事关重大,因为彼得正是芸芸众生的代表。进一步的线索在下文之中。

第13节便是下一个线索:“耶稣就来拿饼和鱼给他们。”(ἔρχεται Ἰησοῦς καὶ λαμβάνει τὸν ἄρτον καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτοῖς, καὶ τὸ ὀψάριον ὁμοίως.)中文的翻译看似简单,实则包含重要信息。很明显,这句话使人联想到第6章耶稣为五千人提供食物的情景。但令人奇怪的是,第6章的用词与这里不尽相同。在第六章里,约翰用了“λαμβάνω”,“εὐχαριστέω”,“διαδίδωμι”三个词,“拿”,“祝谢”,“给”几乎是所有涉及圣餐经文的要素。对观福音书与保罗更是加上了“擘开”(κλάω)一词(太14:19,可8:6,路22:19,林前11:24)。但唯独约翰福音21:13的动词与创世记3:6的动词完全对应:“就摘下(λαβοῦσα)果子来吃了,又给(ἔδωκεν)她丈夫,她丈夫也吃了。”

若是联系前文的叙事,便可明白前后因果。创世记中,正是因为亚当夏娃的这一动作,他们感到自己赤身露体的羞耻,后来被上帝赶出伊甸园,咒诅临到人类身上。而约翰福音亦使用了这一意象,不过含义却大为不同。彼得背叛了耶稣,原本当得与亚当夏娃同样的咒诅,然而一拿一递的动作却有了完全不同的含义。如杰克所说:“这炭火象征了耶稣复合的温暖,他邀请在场之人靠近,在他的桌前享受宴席,受滋养——抛却所有的疑虑。”39

约翰福音中对于“生命”(Ζωή)一词的描绘亦非常有趣,耶稣自己说:“我是道路、真理、生命(Ζωή)。”(14:6)对生命一词的提及甚为普遍,涉及到的文本至少有1:4,3:15-16,4:14,5:24,6:27,6:51,10:10,12:50,14:6,17:2-3。而这个词亦出现在创世记的第三章20节:“亚当给他妻子起名叫夏娃。”乍看之下甚是奇怪,为什么并没有什么“生命”?

若是参考希腊文译本,便可发现这句原来是“καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Αδαμ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ Ζωή.”直接翻译过来就是:“亚当给他妻子起名叫生命。”此“生命”便是希伯来文“חַוָּה”一词的意译。创世记的叙事想来也是疑窦重重,为什么名字叫“生命”的夏娃竟然给人类带来死亡?但约翰福音中名为“生命”的耶稣却战胜了死亡,复活之后重新赐门徒以生命。

21章中另一个难点是为什么这部福音书的作者要提及捕鱼的神迹。布尔特曼质疑说,为什么21章没有提到任何有关门徒从耶稣撒冷回到加利利的描述,似乎场景的跳跃过于突兀,以至于很难叫人相信21章与前20章是一个人的手笔。40更有学者认为20章已然是全书的最高潮,接下来的21章反而成了反高潮的赘叙。41但笔者认为20章中多马的宣告固然是个重要的叙述,但21章也不输于前者。

笔者已然陈明,正如创世记的叙述没有停留在创造的情景,约翰福音的叙述也不应停留在创造的情景。堕落的情节必然会进入读者的视野,创世记里人们会惊叹于亚当夏娃的不明智之举,但阅读之时也必然会好奇最终的结局为何。同样,约翰福音里多马固然说出了那句重要的宣言,但曾经背叛耶稣的彼得结局又当如何。也就是说,这口里否认了耶稣的人,会得到亚当夏娃同等的结局吗?他会从此与耶稣无缘,永远被赶出耶稣的眼前吗?

创世记第3章里,亚当夏娃的悖逆带来了土地的贫瘠,劳作的辛苦。也就是说,亚当夏娃不仅自身羞愧难当,他们赖以生存的土地也不再那么容易驾驭。咒诅的结果便是土地的颗粒无收。而在约翰福音21章里,这些忙碌了一个晚上的门徒连一条鱼都没有得到。但耶稣到来之后,结果却迎来了大逆转。“那网满了大鱼,共一百五十三条。”(约21:11)

学者们猜测数字153的含义,虽然各有千秋,却没有定论,不过有一点是大家公认的,那便是这数字代表了上帝丰富的供应。42这便是说,伊甸园中亚当夏娃的悖逆应得的咒诅,在约翰福音的叙事中却得到了反转。原本是颗粒无收,他们却得到了无法承载的祝福。

比较两处文本,可以得出怎样的神学含义吗?笔者认为答案是肯定的。上文已然透露出一些蛛丝马迹,例如创世记为我们展现上帝造人的情景,原本造人是美好无暇的,亚当从上帝领受了气息。而亚当的另一半又从完美的亚当而出,最初的男女在伊甸园中本来是天真无邪的。然而蛇的引诱使得亚当夏娃背叛了上帝,让原本可以在伊甸园住到永久的一对男女永远离开。

这一叙事既有前因,也有后果,这是完整的一个故事。在约翰福音的叙事中,耶稣在花园(伊甸园)的受死与复活成就了新的创造,他口中的气息便是创造的灵,他肋旁的孔洞便是生命的流露。然而,彼得的背叛应当有个结局,20章以多马宣告的场景终结,于故事的叙述来说并不完整。读者自然生出念头:背叛了耶稣的彼得怎样了?结局便在最后的21章里。

按情理说,彼得的背叛与犹大并无太大差别。唯一的区别是,在约翰福音的叙事中犹大的位置乃是那条引诱人犯罪的蛇,而彼得却是背叛了上帝的人类。在19-20章的叙事中,耶稣既是多马口中那位“我的主,我的上帝”(20:28),又是从他的肋旁生出新人的“新亚当”。而在21章中,叙事将耶稣摆在上帝的位置上。受了咒诅的人类在受了咒诅的土地上劳作,颗粒无收。而这位上帝却主动接近他们,祝福他们手上的工作,并拿起食物分给他们,赐给他们天上的粮。

这一举动便是亚当夏娃犯罪得罪上帝的翻转,正如亚当夏娃吃掉那禁果,耶稣拿起饼和鱼赐生命给他的门徒。咒诅的动作成了祝福的动作,这便是福音书所要做的事情,那就是将那亘古的咒诅叙事转变为永恒的祝福叙事。而由于创世记的叙事为女人所带来的负面评价也由约翰福音的新叙事彻底扭转了。这卷书中耶稣与那些女人的接触,无论是撒马利亚妇人,耶稣的母亲,抑或是抹大拉的玛丽亚,都包含在这流传后世的圣餐之举动中了。而藉着创世记的经文,我们得以看到圣餐更深层次的含义。

如同创世记前三章是一个更加宏大叙事的开始,约翰福音也是一个新叙事的开始。21章最后的一段(21:15-23)选取以西结书与约翰一书的意象,说明新的开始要从教会的教牧工作以及跟从耶稣开始。故事线索的转变意味着上帝的儿女命运的更新,因为他们不是“从血气生的,不是从情欲生的,也不是从人意生的,乃是从上帝生的。”(约1:13)根据布鲁姆来讲,约翰福音的叙事与其前者(创世记)较力,从此创造性地改变了创造的叙事。

结 论

约翰福音的含义重叠繁复,很难用单线叙述讲明。现代释经的弊病在于过分强调字面理解,过分强调历史真假,反而忽略了叙事传统。就如笔者在上文中的分析,文本不可能在真空中产生,必然借助于历史上的其他文本,包括可见的文字与不可见的历史文化背景。

若要合宜地阅读约翰福音,笔者相信有必要将其置于以色列的众多圣书之中,在这里,主要是创世记的文本。我已说明,创世记21章(特别是1-14)与创世记第三章之间叙事上的对应关系。这关联并非仅为文字上的巧合对应,而是神学观念上的契合与对应。

另外,笔者也承认,自己的研究方法与解释也绝对不是独一正确的。文本的含义无法穷尽,如同约翰福音最后一句的宣告:“若是一一地都写出来,我想,所写的书就是世界也容不下了。”(约21:25)

注释:

1 作者目前就读于美国加尔文神学院(Calvin Theological Seminary),研究新约和文本批判。

 Rudolf Bultmann, The Gospel of John: A Commentary. Trans. G. R. Beasley-Murray, R. W. N. Hoare & J. K. Riches (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1971), 700.

引自Tom Thatcher, “Anatomies of the Fourth Gospel: Past, Present, and Future Probes,” in Anatomies of Narrative Criticism: The Past, Present, and Futures of the Fourth Gospel as Literature, ed. Tom Thatcher and Stephen D. Moore (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2008), 3.

Timothy Wiarda, “John 21:1-23: Narrative Unity and Its Implications,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 14, no. 46 (April 1992): 69.

Beverly Roberts Gaventa, “The Archive of Excess: John 21 and the Problem of Narrative Closure,” in Exploring the Gospel of John: In Honor of D. Moody Smith, ed. R. Alan Culpepper and C. Clifton Black (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996), 245.

6 Patrick E. Spencer, “Narrative Echoes in John 21: Intertextual Interpretation and Intratextual Connection.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 22 (2000): 54.

Alison Jack, “‘The Intolerable Wrestle with Words and Meanings’: John 21, T S Eliot and the Sense of an Ending,” The Expository Times 117, no. 12 (September 2006): 500.

 Jonathan Culler, The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction (London & New York: Routledge, 1981), 114.

Harold Bloom, Poetry and Repression: Revisionism from Blake to Stevens (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1976), 2-3.

10 在中文中可能无法确定,但在希腊文中实是一目了然。约1:51“Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ὄψεσθε τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνεῳγότα καὶ τοὺς ἀγγέλους τοῦ θεοῦ ἀναβαίνοντας καὶ καταβαίνοντας ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. ”而创世记的经文是“οἱ ἄγγελοι τοῦ θεοῦ ἀνέβαινον καὶ κατέβαινον ἐπʼ αὐτῆς.”

11 Raymond E. Brown, The Gospel according to John (XIII-XXI): Introduction, Translation, and Notes, vol. 29A, Anchor Yale Bible (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2008), 1022. J. H. Bernard, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to St. John, ed. Alan Hugh McNeile, International Critical Commentary (New York: C. Scribner’ Sons, 1929), 677. D. A. Carson, The Gospel according to John, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Leicester, England; Grand Rapids, MI: Inter-Varsity Press; W.B. Eerdmans, 1991), 651. Carlos Raúl Sosa Siliezar, Creation Imagery in the Gospel of John, ed. Chris Keith, vol. 546, Library of New Testament Studies (London; New Delhi; New York; Sydney: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015), 153-73.

12 E. C. Hoskyns, “Genesis I-III and St John’s Gospel,” Journal of Theological Studies Vol. 21, No. 83 (April, 1920): 215.

13 Thomas Barrosse, “The Seven Days of the New Creation in St John’s Gospel,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 21, no. 4 (October 1959): 516.

14 Jeannine K. Brown, “Creation's Renewal In the Gospel of John," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 72, no. 2 (2010): 275-90.

15 Mary L. Coloe, “Theological Reflections on Creation in the Gospel of John,” Pacifica 24 (2011): 12.

16 James C. VanderKam, The Book of Jubilees: Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha (Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 11.

17 Josephus, Antiquities, 1.43.

18 Benjamin G. Wold, “Genesis 2-3 in Early Christian Tradition and 4QInstruction,” Dead Sea Discoveries 23 (2016): 329–30.

19 James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983), 28.

20 Rick Brannan, Apostolic Fathers Greek-English Interlinear (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2011).

21 J. P. Migne, “Patrologia Graeca: Greek Text,” in Patrologiæ Cursus Completus (Paris: J. P. Migne, 1857), 221.

22 Migne, “Patrologia Graeca: Greek Text,”, 921.

23 John William Wevers, ed., Genesis, vol. I, Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis editum (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974), Ge 2:2.

24 Hoskyns, “Genesis I-III and St John’s Gospel,” 214.

25 Josephus, Antiquities, 1.37, 38.

26 Brown, The Gospel according to John (I–XII), 358. Bernard, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to St. John, 314. Carson, The Gospel according to John, Kindle Edition.

27 Brown, The Gospel according to John (I–XII), 721.

28 C. K. Barrett, The Gospel According to John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text, 2nd Edition (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1956), 580.

29 Brown, The Gospel according to John (I–XII), 107

30 Ernst Haenchen, Robert Walter Funk, and Ulrich Busse, John: A Commentary on the Gospel of John, Hermeneia—a Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), 223. Marianne Meye Thompson, John: A Commentary, First edition., The New Testament Library (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2015), 437. Craig S. Keener, The Gospel of John: 2 Volumes, (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2010), 1229. Gary M. Burge, John, (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Academic), Kindle Edition. J. Ramsey Michaels, The Gospel of John, (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2010), Kindle Edition.

31 Brown, The Gospel according to John (I–XII), 1072. Also see Carson, The Gospel according to John, 671. Bernard, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to St. John, 697–698. Michaels, The Gospel of John, Kindle Edition. Burge, John, Kindle Edition.

32 笔者也注意到《七十士译本》并非仅有一种权威底本,各个抄本之间有些差异较大,但幸而所涉及的经文争议并不大,异文也不甚多。

33 Franco Montanari, ed. Madeleine Goh and Chad Schroeder, The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2015).

34 Lucian, Works, ed. A. M. Harmon, vol. 4 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925), 192.

35 Thompson, John: A Commentary, 437.

36 Haenchen, etc, John: A Commentary on the Gospel of John, 224.

37 Brown, The Gospel according to John (I–XII), 1068. Haenchen, etc, John: A Commentary on the Gospel of John, 223. Bernard, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to St. John, 689. Carson, The Gospel according to John, 673. Burge, John, Kindle Edition.

38 李(Lee)注意到了约翰福音写成之时“ἀγαπάω”与“φιλέω”之间的微妙差异。他认为“φιλέω”的用法更为正式,而约翰“特意选取彼得的用词,以便表现彼得对耶稣的尊敬态度”。John A. L. Lee, “The Puzzle of John 21:15-17: A Formality Solution.” Novum Testamentum 59 (2017): 27–30.

39 Alison Jack, “‘The Intolerable Wrestle with Words and Meanings’: John 21, T S Eliot and the Sense of an Ending,” Expository Times 117, no. 12 (September 2006): 500.

40 Bultmann, The Gospel of John: A Commentary), 701.

41 Brown, The Gospel according to John (XIII-XXI), 1060. Thompson, John, 430. Andrew T. Lincoln, The Gospel according to Saint John, Black’s New Testament Commentary (London: Continuum, 2005), 503. Keener, The Gospel of John: 2 Volumes, 1225. Burge, John, Kindle Edition.

42 Richard Bauckham, “The 153 Fish and the Unity of the Fourth Gospel.” Neotestamentica 36, no. 1–2 (2002): 77–88. Patrick E. Spencer, “Narrative Echoes in John 21: Intertextual Interpretation and Intratextual Connection.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 22 (2000): 49–68.

参考文献

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Borgen, Peder, Kåre Fuglseth, and Roald Skarsten. “The Works of Philo: Greek Text with Morphology.” Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2005.

Charlesworth, James H. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament: Expansions of the “Old Testament” and Legends, Wisdom, and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works. 2 Vols. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1985.

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Martínez, Florentino García, and Eibert JC Tigchelaar, eds. The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.

Migne, J. P. “Patrologia Graeca: Greek Text.” Patrologia Cursus Completus. Paris: J. P. Migne, 1857.

Penner, Ken, and Michael S. Heiser. “Old Testament Greek Pseudepigrapha with Morphology.” Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2008.

Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart, eds. Septuaginta: SESB Edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006.

Wevers, John William, ed. Genesis. Vol. I. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974.

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Barrosse, Thomas. “The Seven Days of the New Creation in St John’s Gospel.” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 21, no. 4 (October 1959): 507–16.

Bartholomew, Gilbert L. “Feed My Lambs: John 21:15–19 as Oral Gospel.” Edited by Lou H. Silberman. Semeia 39 (1986): 69-96.

Bauckham, Richard. “The 153 Fish and the Unity of the Fourth Gospel.” Neotestamentica 36, no. 1–2 (2002): 77–88.

Beasley-Murray, George R. John. Vol. 36. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 1999.

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Bloom, Harold. Poetry and Repression: Revisionism from Blake to Stevens. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.

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Breck, John. “John 21: Appendix, Epilogue or Conclusion?” St Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly 36 (1–2): 27–49.

Brown, Jeannine K. "Creation's Renewal in the Gospel of John." The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 72, no. 2 (2010): 275-90.

Brown, Raymond E. The Gospel according to John (I–XII): Introduction, Translation, and Notes. Vol. 29. Anchor Yale Bible. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2008.

——. The Gospel according to John (XIII-XXI): Introduction, Translation, and Notes. Vol. 29A. Anchor Yale Bible. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2008.

——. “The Resurrection in John 21: Missionary and Pastoral Directives for the Church.” Worship 64, no. 5 (September 1990): 433–45.

Bruner, Frederick Dale. The Gospel of John: A Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, U.K.: Eerdmans, 2012.

Bultmann, Rudolf. The Gospel of John: A Commentary. Translated by G. R. Beasley-Murray, R. W. N. Hoare and J. K. Riches. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1971.

Burge, Gary M. John. The NIV Application Commentary Book 4. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Academic. Kindle Edition.

Carson, D. A. The Gospel according to John. The Pillar New Testament Commentary. Leicester, England; Grand Rapids, MI: Inter-Varsity Press; W.B. Eerdmans, 1991.

Coloe, Mary L. "Theological reflections on creation in the Gospel of John." Pacifica 24, no. 1 (2011): 1-12.

Culler, Jonathan D. The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.

Culpepper, R Alan. “Peter as Exemplary Disciple in John 21:15-19.” Perspectives in Religious Studies 37, no. 2 (Sum 2010): 165–78. 

Ellis, Peter F. “The Authenticity of John 21.” St Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly 36, no. 1–2 (1992): 17–25.

Franzmann, Majella, and Michael Klinger. “The Call Stories of John 1 and John 21.” St Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly 36, no. 1–2 (1992): 7–15.

Haenchen, Ernst, Robert Walter Funk, and Ulrich Busse. John: A Commentary on the Gospel of John. Hermeneia—a Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984.

Hoskyns, Edwyn Clement. "Genesis I—III and St John’s Gospel." Journal of Theological Studies 21, no. 83 (1920): 210-18.

Jack, Alison. “‘The Intolerable Wrestle with Words and Meanings’: John 21, T S Eliot and the Sense of an Ending.” Expository Times 117, no. 12 (September 2006): 496–501.

Kanagaraj, Jey J. John. Edited by Michael F. Bird and Craig Keener. Vol. 4. New Covenant Commentary Series. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2013.

Keener, Craig S. The Gospel of John: 2 Volumes. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2010.

Keith, Chris. “The Competitive Textualization of the Jesus Tradition in John 20:30-31 and 21:24-25.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 78, no. 2 (April 2016): 321–37.

Lee, John A L. “The Puzzle of John 21:15-17: A Formality Solution.” Novum Testamentum 59 (2017): 27–30.

Lincoln, Andrew T. The Gospel according to Saint John. Black’s New Testament Commentary. London: Continuum, 2005.

Michaels, J. Ramsey. The Gospel of John. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2010.

Minear, Paul Sevier. “The Original Functions of John 21.” Journal of Biblical Literature 102, no. 1 (March 1983): 85–98.

Montanari, Franco. The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek. Edited by Madeleine Goh and Chad Schroeder. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2015.

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Sosa Siliezar and Carlos Raúl. Creation Imagery in the Gospel of John. Edited by Chris Keith. Vol. 546. Library of New Testament Studies. London; New Delhi; New York; Sydney: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015.

Spencer, Patrick E. “Narrative Echoes in John 21: Intertextual Interpretation and Intratextual Connection.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 22 (75): 49–68.

Thatcher, Tom, and Stephen D. Moore, eds. Anatomies of Narrative Criticism: The past, present, and futures of the Fourth Gospel as literature. No. 55. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2008.

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VanderKam, James C. The Book of Jubilees. Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001.

Vaquilar, Nick A. “Peter’s Journey as a Disciple: An Exegetical-Theological Study of John 21:15-19.” Landas 26, no. 2 (2012): 79–102.

Wiarda, Timothy. “John 21:1-23: Narrative Unity and Its Implications.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 14, no. 46 (April 1992): 53–71.

Wold, Benjamin G. “Genesis 2-3 in Early Christian Tradition and 4QInstruction.” Dead Sea Discoveries 23 (3): 329–46.


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